Descarte de antimicrobianos vencidos e/ou em desuso: estudo de caso / Disposal of expired and/or discontinued antimicrobials - case study / Descarto de antimicrobiales muertos y/o desaparecidos: estudio de casos

A temática do descarte inadequado de medicamentos e sua relevância no desenvolvimento dos mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos são os menos debatidos na literatura. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir os dados obtidos sobre o recebimento de antimicrobianos vencidos e/ou sem uso descartados no ponto de coleta de medicamentos localizado no Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Recife. Ao todo foram recolhidos 50,03 kg de medicamentos, dos quais 4,12 kg eram de antimicrobianos, sendo a terceira classe farmacológica mais frequente; destes, 93,07% (n=1.948 unidades) estavam vencidos e a forma farmacêutica mais encontrada foram os comprimidos (36,32%). Entre as classes de antibióticos predominaram, em relação ao mecanismo de ação, os que inibem a síntese proteica (29,33%), e pela estrutura química, as quinolonas (17,45%). A realização do descarte adequado desses medicamentos possibilita uma redução dos impactos que esse quantitativo recolhido causaria no meio ambiente. Portanto, deve-se investir em campanhas de conscientização sobre o uso correto dos medicamentos e seguimento da prescrição médica para evitar consumo indiscriminado destes fármacos. Com base o que estabelece o Decreto n° 10.388/2020, o descarte correto de medicamentos precisa ser divulgado, para que os estabelecimentos realizem a logística reversa dessas substâncias.

The issue of inappropriate disposal of medicines and its relevance in development of mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics is the least discussed in the literature. Therefore, this work aims to present and discuss the data obtained on the receipt of expired and/or unused antimicrobials discarded at the medication collection point located in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus Recife. In all, 50.03 kg of drugs were collected, of which 4.12 kg were antimicrobials, being the third most frequent pharmacological class; of these, 93.07% (n=1,948 units) were expired and the most common pharmaceutical form was pills (36.32%). Among the classes of antibiotics, in terms of mechanism of action, those that inhibit protein synthesis (29.33%) and chemical structure, quinolones (17.45%) predominated. Carrying out the proper disposal of these medicines makes it possible to reduce the impacts that this collected quantity would cause on the environment. Therefore, one should invest in awareness campaigns about the correct use of medicines and follow-up of medical prescriptions to avoid indiscriminate consumption of these drugs. Based on the provisions of Decree No. 10.388/2020, the correct disposal of medicines needs to be disclosed, so that establishments carry out the reverse logistics of these substances.

La cuestión de la eliminación inadecuada de los medicamentos y su relevancia en el desarrollo de mecanismos de resistencia a los antibióticos son los menos discutidos en la literatura. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar y discutir los datos obtenidos sobre la recepción de antimicrobianos perdidos y/o no utilizados desechados en el punto de recolección de medicamentos ubicado en el Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Recife. En total, se tomaron 50,03 kg de medicamentos, de los cuales 4,12 kg fueron antimicrobianos, siendo la tercera clase farmacológica más común el 93,07% (n=1.948 unidades) retrasada y la forma farmacéutica más encontrada fueron los comprimidos (36,32%). Entre las clases de antibióticos predominaron, en relación con el mecanismo de acción, las que inhiben la síntesis de proteínas (29,33%), y por la estructura química, las quinolonas (17,45%). La eliminación adecuada de estos medicamentos permite reducir el impacto que esta cantidad recolectada podría causar en el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, se deberían invertir en campañas de sensibilización sobre el uso correcto de medicamentos y el seguimiento de las recetas médicas para evitar el consumo indiscriminado de estos medicamentos. Sobre la base del Decreto no 10.388/2020, es necesario hacer pública la eliminación correcta de los medicamentos, para que los establecimientos realicen la logística inversa de estas sustancias.

Tannic acid as a precipitating agent of human plasma proteins.

The search for plasma proteins precipitation methods has been increasing due to the plasma protein therapeutic needs in world-wide. Thus, this work evaluates the tannic acid (TA) ability to precipitate proteins from human plasma. In this study, TA-plasma protein complexes were studied at different pH conditions, tannin/plasma ratio and reaction mixing time. The complexes formed from combinations of TA and plasma proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, protein quantification, particle size, charge, mass spectrometry, microscopic image, and circular dichroism. It was possible to verify the precipitate formation in all tested pH values, with high precipitation at pH 5. The native PAGE analysis showed three mainly bands corresponding independent of the pHs used. It was possible to observe a gradual growing of precipitate protein in the first precipitation process (P1) when increased the TA/plasma ratio. 15 min of incubation was enough to precipitate 72.3% of proteins. Spectroscopic analyzes showed albumin signals and the electron microscopy analysis of IgG-TA confirmed the compact form of a precipitate. According to CD, formation of the IgG-TA complexes does not cause a major structural change of the protein. From the results obtained, it was possible to establish some parameters for plasma proteins precipitation using TA.

Anti-inflammatory and healing action of oral gel containing borneol monoterpene in chemotherapy-induced mucositis in rats ( Rattus norvegicus )

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gels containing the monoterpene borneol in induced oral mucositis using an animal model. Gels were prepared with borneol at 1.2% and 2.4% (w/w). Oral mucositis was induced by administration of three doses of 5-fluorouracil (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and injury with acetic acid (50%, v/v) soaked in filter paper applied to right cheek mucosa for 60s. Four subgroups comprising 12 animals each were formed. Six animals from each group were sacrificed at days seven and fourteen after oral mucositis induction. Mucous samples were processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's Trichrome. The semiquantitative evaluation involved observation of inflammatory parameters. ImageJ® software was used in the quantitative evaluation. For statistical analyses, Two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test (p <0.05), were employed. Borneol 2.4% gel proved effective in the treatment of oral mucositis with statistically significant differences between groups for angiogenesis control, inflammatory cell count reduction and percentage neoformed collagen increase. The confirmation of anti-inflammatory and healing action of borneol in oral mucositis in rats renders it a good marker for predicting this activity for plant extracts rich in this substance

Influence of glucose and stirring in the fermentation process in order to produce anti-Candida metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of glucose and stirring in the fermentation process in order to produce anti-Candida metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. MPO4 isolated from Amazon soil. The anti-Candida metabolites production was registered after 24 h of fermentation in stirred ISP2 medium, having antifungal inhibition halos between 12.3 mm and 25.3 mm, yielding higher production of anti-Candida agents after 96 h. Stirring was a determining factor for the production of anti-Candida secondary metabolites, since the absence of glucose reflected in the late production of the antifungal starting from Streptomyces sp.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a influência da glicose e agitação no processo de fermentação para a produção de metabólitos anti-Candida produzidos por Streptomyces sp. MPO4 isolado do solo da Amazônia. A produção dos metabólitos anti-Candida foi registrada a partir de 24 h de fermentação sob agitação em meio ISP2, apresentando halos de inibição entre 12,3 mm e 25,3 mm, obtendo-se maior produção do antifúngico em 96 h. A agitação foi um fator determinante para a produção de metabólitos secundários anti-Candida e a ausência de glicose refletiu na produção tardia do antifúngico a partir do Streptomyces sp.

Acute toxicity study of stone-breaker (Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb)

Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. é nativa do Brasil, mais frequentemente em ambientes úmidos, e usada para o tratamento de litíase urinária, doença inflamatória intestinal, diabetes e hepatite B. Neste trabalho objetiva-se determinar a toxicidade aguda e DL50 do extrato aquoso de P. tenellus em animais de laboratório e avaliar o seu comportamento. A DL50 por via intraperitoneal foi calculada pelo método de Karber e Behrens (1964), em que o extrato alcoólico a 96% foi concentrado em evaporador rotativo. Utilizou-se camundongos albinos (Mus musculus) machos, divididos em 3 lotes de seis animais. Eles foram observados por 24 horas a partir da administração do extrato diluído em solução fisiológica a 0,9% nas dosagens de 500; 1000; 1500; 2000; 2500 mg/kg. Estudos de curto prazo têm demonstrado que esta planta não é considerada tóxica, porém, constatamos que esta espécie provoca agitação nos animais por movimentos estereotipados, espasmos, e um aumento da frequência respiratória, bem como ações de depressão, tais como: sonolência, prostração, dispneia e diminuição da frequência respiratória.

Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. is a herbaceous plant native to Brazil and appears frequently in humid environments. This plant is used to treat urolithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and hepatitis B. The acute toxicity and LD50 of an aqueous extract of P. tenellus were determined in laboratory mice and their behavior was analyzed. The intraperitoneal LD50 was calculated by the Karber & Behrens (1964) method, for which a 96% alcoholic extract was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Male albino mice (Mus musculus) were divided into three batches of six animals and observed for 24 hours after administration of the extract, diluted in 0.9% saline, at doses of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg / kg. Short-term studies have demonstrated this plant to be non-toxic; however, we found that this species induced agitation in animals, with stereotyped movements, spasms and increased respiratory frequency, as well as signs of depression, such as sleepiness, prostration, dyspnea and a reduction in respiratory frequency.

Phytochemical and pharmacological notes of plants indicated to treat tumors in Brazil

The plants used in traditional medicine have been considered an important source of molecules with pharmacological activity, including antitumor. The aim of this study was to present a pharmacological description and the phytochemical components related to antitumor activity of thirty plants commonly cited in Brazil to treat tumors as well as offering an overview of approaches that are necessary for the development of herbal medicines from these resources. In the search for studies with these plants, five database were used (SciELO, Scirus, Scopus, Biological Abstracts and Web of Science), with the following keywords: tumor AND Species AND cancer. We consider all the scientific synonyms of species available in the Tropicos® database (http://www.tropicos.org/). We surveyed papers from the period between 1980 and 2008. Twnety one species (70 percent) have at least one evaluation of a class of molecule or metabolite isolated against a pharmacological model. Most species (60 percent) has in vivo studies. Of the thirty plant species, two stood out for having pharmacological studies in vitro, in vivo and clinical with positive results: Chelidonium majus L., Papaveraceae, and Aloe arborescens Mill., Xanthorrhoeaceae. Although there is generally a good activity of species presented here, there is a need for further studies in order to evaluate the possibility of developing some byproduct.

Relationship of biometric parameters on the concentration of tannins in two medicinal plants: a case study / Relación de los parámetros biométricos sobre la concentración de taninos en dos plantas medicinales: un estudio de caso

The Northeast region of Brazil has long been neglected because it mostly consists of semi-arid climate vegetation. However, this biome has an immense diversity, including various plants used for medicinal purposes. Two species widely used by local populations are Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão and Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn. In order to identify parameters that could assist the pharmaceutical industry and local collectors in collecting samples with high yields of tannin, this study raised the following question: Do biometric parameters (diameter at breast height (DBH), bark thickness and height) relationship the concentrations of tannins in these species? The radial diffusion method was used to measure the tannin levels in all samples, and some were selected also measured using the method of Folin-Ciocalteu in order to compare results between methods. None of the biometric parameters evaluated showed any relationship on the concentration of tannins by either species. The radial diffusion method presented is safe and effective. Since it does not require sophisticated equipment and is inexpensive to implement, it is ideal for studies that use large numbers of samples.

La región nordeste de Brasil consiste fundamentalmente de una vegetación de clima semi-árido. Sin embargo, este bioma tiene una inmensa diversidad, incluyendo diversas plantas utilizadas empleadas para fines medicinales. Dos especies, ampliamente utilizadas por las poblaciones locales, son Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão y Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) TD Penn. Con el fin de analizar los parámetros que pueden ayudar a la industria farmacéutica y los coleccionistas locales en la recogida de muestras de corteza con una alta producción de tanino, este estudio plantea la cuestión siguiente: ¿los parámetros biométricos (diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), grosor de la corteza y la altura) presentan relación con las concentraciones de taninos en las especies? El método de difusión radial fue empleado para medir la concentración de taninos en todas las muestras, y algunas fueron seleccionadas también para análisis por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu a fin de comparar los resultados entre los métodos. Ninguno de los parámetros biométricos evaluados mostraron asociación con la concentración de taninos para cualquiera de las especies. El método de difusión radial se presenta seguro y efectivo.

Validação de metodologia espectrofotométrica para quantificação dos flavonóides de Bauhinia cheilantha (Bongard) Steudel / Validation of spectrophotometric methodology for quantify flavonoid content in Bauhinia cheilantha (Bongard) Steudel

Os laboratórios de fitoterápicos necessitam de metodologias que assegurem o controle de qualidade de seus produtos quando os mesmos não constam em farmacopéias ou monografias oficiais. Baseando-se neste fato, o presente estudo visou validar umametodologia analítica para quantificação de flavonóides contidos nos extratos da pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia cheilantha [Bongard] Steudel), através de espectrofotometria no visível, como equivalentes de Rutina (μg/mL). Todos os parâmetros exigidos pela ANVISA foram avaliados. No teste de especificidade, observou-se a existência de pico máximo a 420 nm. O método foi considerado linear e com alta sensibilidade de quantificação (2,51 μg/mL). O método também mostrou-se robusto e com elevada recuperação (98,36%). Os resultados obtidos para repetibilidade (intra-corrida), precisãointermediária (inter-corridas) e reprodutibilidade certificaram a precisão do método com valores entre 0,31 e 3,58%, sendo também considerado exato (95,71-105,50%). Com este estudo, o método proposto foi considerado específico, preciso, reprodutível, exato, de baixo custo e fácil execução.

Phytotherapeutic laboratories require access to methodologies that guarantee quality control for their products when these items are not already registered in pharmacopeias or official monographs. As such, the present study sought to validate analytical methodologies for quantifying natural flavonoids contained in extracts of ôpata-de-vacaõ (Bauhinia cheilantha [Bong.] Steudel) using visible light spectrophotometry and a rutin standard (μg/ml). All of the parameters required by ANVISA were evaluated. The specificity test revealed a maximum absorption peak at 420 nm. The methodology was considered linear and of high quantification sensitivity(2.51 μg/ml). The methodology also proved to be robust, and had high recovery levels (98.36%). The results obtained for repeatability, intermediate precision (intra and inter-day), and reproducibility all certified the precision of the method, with values between 0.31 and 3.58%; the methodology was also considered exact (95.71-105.50%). This study demonstrated that the proposed methodology can be considered specific, precise, reproducible, exact, of low cost, and easy to perform.

Jurema-Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora [Willd. ] Poir. ): a review of its traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Numerous plant species are used throughout the world to achieve the modified states of conscientiousness. Some of them have been used for the therapeutic purposes, such as Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir. (family Mimosaceae) known as "jurema-preta", an hallucinogenic plant traditionally used for curing and divination by the Indians of northeastern Brazil. In this review, several aspects of the use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of this plant are considered.

Numerosas espécies de plantas são usadas para alterar estados de consciência. Algumas são utilizadas para fins terapêuticos, como Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir. (Mimosaceae) conhecida como "jurema-preta", uma planta alucinógena, tradicionalmente utilizada pelos índios no nordeste do Brasil. Nesta revisão, são considerados diversos aspectos do uso, fitoquímica e farmacologia desta planta.

Antimicrobial activity of a mixture of two isomeric phenylpropanoid glycosides from Arrabidaes harleyi A.H. Gentry(Bignoniaceae)

Arrabidaea harleyi A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found in some regions of the Atlanticforest in Brazil. From its bark a mixture of verbascoside and isoverbascoside was isolated. This mixture was shown to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mycoides, Enterecoccus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcensis and Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established by diffusion method

Atividade antimicrobiana e antitumoral de Streptoverticillium sp (DAUFPE 13.729) / Antimicrobial and antitumoral activities of Streptoverticillium sp (DAUFPE 13.729)

Streptoverticillium sp, bactéria pertencente a família Streptomycetaceae, foi isolada de amostras de solo do câmpus da Universidade Federal do Pernambuco, e destacou-se pela atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de seus matabólitos secundários. O extrato etanóico bruto foi submetido ao fracionamento cromatográfigo. Das substâncias isoladas, duas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana em relação a sete espécies de Candida. Em testes biológicos realizados em camundongos, determinou-se que a maior dose do extrato bruto na qual não houve óbitos foi de 150 mg/kg e todos os animais morreram com a administração de 600 mg/kg. Para o extrato etanóico de Streptoverticillium sp observou-se IC50 de 13 ug/mL e taxa de inibição tumoral igual a 61,5 por cento para o carcinoma de Ehrlich e 75 por cento em animais com sarcoma 180.

Effect of barbatimão [Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart. ) Coville] infusion on the labling of blood elements with technetium-99m

The Barbatimão is a tree which bark is rich in tannin. It is used on popular medicine as a wound healing agent, in the treatment of gastric lesions, as anti-leishmanial agent and as anti-inflammatory. Red blood cells (RBC) are labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and are utilized in many procedures in nuclear medicine. Some authors have reported that drugs (natural and synthetic) can alter the labeling of RBC with Tc-99m. This study evaluates the effect of barbatimão infusion on the labeling of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma (P) proteins with Tc-99m. Heparinized blood from Wistar rats was incubated with NaCl 0.9 percent as control and different concentrations of barbatimão infusion. Following the addition of stannous chloride (SnCl2), as reducing agent, and Tc-99m, as sodium pertechnetate, the blood samples were centrifuged. P and RBC were separated and were also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid 5 percent. Insoluble (IF-P and IF-RBC) fractions were isolated. The percentage of radioactivity in all the samples was determined. All the barbatimão infusion concentrations decreased the labeling of RBC, IF-P and IF-RBC. We can speculate that the barbatimão infusion interfered on the labeling of RBC due to the redox properties and/or it can also act as a chelator of the stannous ion.